Het koopproces en contracten

So you found a villa you like and you want to make an offer. First, read this guide on how to determine a villa’s market value, so you know what price to offer. Your offer price should be based on the current market value of the villa — not the seller’s asking price.

Second, make sure that you’ve read all our guides and have collected the diagnostics reports, checked on the zoning, and done all the other things we recommended.

Once you’re sure you’ve been thorough, and you’re ready to make an offer, here’s how to do it:

Calculate the Price for Your Offer

Here’s a step-by-step guide: how to determine what your initial offer should be.

Remember: All the prices you see advertised have one thing in common: so far, no-one has agreed to pay that price. Don’t believe agents when they say that other people have been interested at high prices.

Agents are usually mandated by their corporate agency not to let buyers submit ‘market value’ offers (in an effort to manipulate market prices and because they could be making steady income off it by facilitating vacation rentals). Expect that agents will lie to discourage you from submitting an offer much lower than asking. Your offer should ideally go directly to the owner (via a sealed letter in their mailbox), or otherwise go through a notaire — one you chose, not one the agent recommended — but know that once the agent gets the offer from the notaire, they may simply not give it to the owner.

Note: If the seller won’t accept the m² price you think it’s actually worth (and you heard this directly from the seller), then you can wait and keep looking. If it’s overpriced, chances are good that it won’t sell — and eventually they will take a market-value offer privately.

Get the Survey Reports

Er zijn a number of surveys that the seller is legally obligated to give you (if they don’t, you can sue them later). They’re by no means exhaustive, and some surveyors are corrupt and will lie for the benefit of the agent or notaire, so it’s important to get your own inspection done as well (before you sign the contract.)

The diagnostics given to you by the seller need to be recent (here are the details). Here’s a guide to diagnostics reports En another guide. The seller isn’t obliged to fix defects; as the purchaser, you will be expected to pay to fix them. The obligation on the seller is simply to provide the full reports. If he/she does not do so, they remain fully responsible for defects relating to these specific matters. Actually getting them to pay up is another matter…

Make sure to also get the certificaat stedenbouw, so you’ll have a rough idea of what can be done with the property.

Read our gids met belangrijke dingen om te ontdekken for more details about the reports.

Before You Put it in Writing

There are a few things you should do before making your offer. First, visit the local town hall (‘Mairie’) and ask about the property and the neighbors, etc. Find out if any neighboring lots have building permission, and what the natural risks are, check the property’s planning permission history to see if anything was done without permits, etc. Make sure to get a stedenbouwkundig certificaat from the Mairie.

Then, hire a CERTIBAT-certified ‘Expert de Batiment’ to inspect the villa and point out any areas for concern (like non-obvious structural problems, etc.) Your seller would not have to disclose any structural defects affecting the property that you will take in the condition in which it stands – although he is not entitled to actually hide them. This means that if, after signing a contract, you discover structural or other defects to the property or its services, you are still obliged to complete the purchase at the agreed price and cannot obtain compensation from your seller. It is, therefore, important to commission the inspection before you sign the contract.

Next, send an email to the agent to forward to the seller, asking the seller if they want to decare any undisclosed issues with the property that weren’t visible during the visit, such as recurring basement flooding, disputes with neighbors, or any other third-party issues. Make sure you get a written answer via email. It will be useful to have this in writing in case there are any legal disputes arising from undeclared problems.

Then, double-check all the other potential issues outlined here (internet connection, radon, zoning, etc.), then once you’re satisfied, submit an official offer via a notaire. To lower the notaire fees, you can specify part of the sale price as a payment for furniture.

Money-saving tip: You can lower your notaire fees (which are based on the price of the empty villa only) by separating the agent fees from the sale price, and paying those yourself (the notaire will hold the money and transfer it to the agency once the sale is complete). You can also separate out about 3% (don’t go above about 2-3% or you’ll risk an audit) of the total for kitchen, bathroom, light fittings, furniture, etc. and pay that separately.

Negotiating

The hard truth is that some sellers simply aren’t serious. They listed their villa only to see if some sucker will pay multiples more than it’s worth. That said, it’s hard to know which ones are serious and which are not until you put in an offer.

To lower the price of a property, some strategic buyers get friends to visit the property and make below-market offers to buy it. Then, if those low offers are rejected, they make an offer that is close to market value, which the seller often then accepts.

How to Choose a Notaire

A notaire is basically a property lawyer / tax collector who advises their clients, does the paperwork for the deal, and collects the government taxes. Make sure to get your own notaire — do not use the seller’s or your agent’s, and choose wisely. Expect to add roughly 7% to the final price in taxes and fees.

Start hunting for a notaire well before you’ve found your ideal property, as finding a good one can take time. You’ll need to contact several notaires, as some will try to scam / lie / overcharge you. There is very little accountability in this field. Don’t use the one recommended by the agent or seller.

Despite what some dishonest notaires may tell you, the notaires know (and you too, now), that the laws changed as of 2021 and now the new maximum fees are 0.799% and they are allowed to give a 20% discount over hun tarieven (inclusief de hypotheekopslag) voor panden met een verkoopprijs van meer dan € 100.000.

Make sure to get a specific breakdown of all the taxes and fees ahead of time. Due to a lack of accountability, many notaires will (illegally!) try to overcharge you. So make sure, if they agree to give you the 20% discount, that their fee (not including the taxes) is not more than 0.6392% of the sale price for the portion over €60,000 (which is 0.799% minus the 20% allowable discount), en dat ze geen onnodige extra kosten in rekening brengen (zoals vertaalkosten) — de rest van wat u betaalt, zou naar de overheid moeten gaan.

Here’s more info about France’s notaires and here’s how much you should budget to give the notaire (put 06 in the department field; note that this calculation does not take into account the 20% fee discount). To calculate what the notaire will / should charge you for their fee, pull up your calculator and put in the sale price, minus €60,000 (the fees for the amount under €60,000 are stupidly complicated), then times (x) that by 0.006392 (for example, the notaire fees on a €2 million property, you’ll need to pay the notaire €12,400 + the fees for the amount under €60,000, which come to €878, for a grand total of €13,278).

Remember: You are nooit obligated to finish a transaction with a particular notaire, and they are not legally allowed to bill you for partial work no matter what they threaten to scare you into keeping them as your notaire (they are only paid upon you fully completing the sale with them). If they are dishonest or try to overcharge, then give them a bad online review to warn others, report them to chambre.alpesmaritimes@notaires.fr, and go to a different notaire.

Limited Recourse: It’s important to get a second opinion and not to trust your notiare. Here’s why: Notaires are a self-regulated industry. Disputes between notaires and buyers go to a ‘mediation’ process, directed by the notaires (if you even get to that point, which less than half of complaints do). As you can imagine, the mediator is chosen by –and loyal to– the notaires. What’s worse is that there’s no obligation for the notaire to participate in mediation so many don’t. This complete lack of accountability encourages notaires to lie and omit information in order to close the sale and make the commission.

Because of this, we recommend that you hire a real estate lawyer to check any contracts and help oversee the transaction. In France, a real estate attorney is typically referred to as an “avocat en droit immobilier“. This type of attorney specializes in laws concerning property transactions, land use, and other related matters. They can provide legal advice, review contracts, and represent you in disputes.

Scam Warning: Hackers have been sending emails from notaires email accounts, with the correct € amount owed, but the hacker’s bank account details, for the deposits. Always verify the bank details by phone if you’re going to pay via wire.

Buying in the Black

This only applies if you’re buying directly from the seller, since agents won’t let you get in touch with sellers directly.

Beware of getting involved in ‘paying on the black’. This is where a seller might want you to pay them part of the price in cash directly in order to conceal part of the price from the notaire. This almost never happens (after all, it’s tax evasion), but it’s worth mentioning. This can help the seller reduce liability to capital gains tax while also reducing a buyer’s notaire fees, however, it is also illegal and can lead to serious problems for you:

• There are practical difficulties in paying the money and few safeguards — your money could easily be stolen.
• The tax authorities may dispute the price if they think it is too low and demand taxes relative to a higher price.
• If the property is a holiday home you are liable to capital gains tax on resale (which is far higher than the tax you pay when you buy). The purchase price upon which the gain is calculated would be lower: so the gain is higher, meaning you’ll pay quite a lot more in the long run.
• If authorities think there has been an attempt to avoid duty, they will impose penalties, which are payable by the buyer.
• It is tax evasion and carries the penalties that come with it.

The Official Offer

Nadat u de gemeente heeft bezocht om informatie in te winnen over de woning en de omgeving, en u zoveel mogelijk weet over de omgeving en de woning, kunt u een officieel bod doen (een zogenaamde 'compromis de vente'). Een notaris kan u hierbij helpen – maar onthoud: de belangen van de notaris staan niet in lijn met die van u (omdat zij commissie krijgen en alleen als de verkoop rond is).

Make sure not to use the owner’s notaire, as they might advise the owner to wait for a higher offer (since they would make more money), or neglect to show the owner your offer. If you have your own notaire, he/she is more likely to follow up, as it’s the only way he/she will get paid.

We advise that you also personally give a copy of your offer directly to the owner (you can leave it in their mailbox in a sealed envelope with the owner’s surname on it, ask neighbors if they know how to reach the owner, or request the owners contact info from the Mairie) as the notaire will give your offer to the agent, who may just pretend that they showed the seller (yes, it’s illegal, but they still often do it) if their agency has told them not to accept market-value offers.

Include an explanation of the offer price (start with a list of similar villas that have sold nearby with Google Earth screenshots, then the factors that led you to that m² price, and –optionally– the market trajectory).

Do not rely on verbal assurances or imprecise legal drafting.

It’s normal to attach lots of conditions (‘suspensives’) in the contract so you can get out of the sale if needed. Make sure your contract includes all of these clauses that let you back out:

• if the valuation comes back lower than your offer,
• if you fail to get a mortgage,
• if the survey shows that the villa or land size is smaller than _____ (habitable m² of the villa) and ______ (land size),
• if there are adverse planning restrictions or third party rights which might materially affect your enjoyment of the property,
• if there are any adverse easements (‘servitudes’) on the property (the contract should state that there are no easements, according to the seller),
• if there are existing mortgages affecting the property,
• if the results of a structural survey from a qualified surveyor (‘Expert de Batiment’) show any issues,
• if you can’t get the planning permissions you need (to build a pool, or for an extension, etc.),
• if there are claims upon the property by the local authority or the French State.

Many listings show inaccurate building and land sizes, so it’s important to verify both using an independent survey before buying. Make your offer conditional on the results of the surveys you’re going to perform, and negotiate the price down if the listing said it was larger than it actually is.

Conditional clauses concerning ‘sale subject to planning consent’ need careful drafting, not only in relation to the planning conditions that may be imposed, but also to a possible later legal challenge to a planning permission.

If contents are to be included in the sale (the kitchen and bathrooms count in this), an inventory (‘inventaire’) should be attached and a separate price allocated.

It is also possible for a penalty clause to be included in the contract to the benefit of the buyer so that, if the seller withdraws from the sale, they are liable to compensate the buyer. Make sure to also include a clause that states all the funds will not be released to the seller until you have obtained vacant possession.

Here are more details about what to look out for in the official offer contract.

Contract Warnings

Onthoud altijd dat notarissen voor zichzelf werken, niet voor u. Uw notaris wil dat de verkoop doorgaat (dus krijgt hij betaald) en zal het contract daarop afstemmen, waardoor uw rechten worden beperkt. Het is raadzaam om een onafhankelijke derde partij het contract te laten controleren voordat u tekent.

SCI warning: Since the cooling off period only applies to offers made by a person and not a company, if you want to own the house using a company or a SCI, then you’ll need to make sure that your offer contract states that you can, at a later date, transfer the sale into a SCI / company name.

The Mortgage Clause: Make sure that your offer contract has a clause that lets you pull out if you can’t get a mortgage for the full offer price of the property. For example, your offer might be €1 million, but the bank might appraise the villa at €700,000, and offer you a mortgage only on that. Your contract needs to say that you can pull out if you can’t get a mortgage for €1 million, specifically.

Your real estate agent or notaire might tell you that this clause can get you out of the deal easily, in order to make you feel more confident putting in an official offer. In reality, you cannot simply call your bank and expect a refusal to benefit from this clause. You would have to prove that you have reasonably tried to get a mortgage and got several complete refusals from banks, within the time-frame allotted in the contract.

Even if by some oversight this clause is not included, provided the agreement does not expressly state that the property is being purchased without a mortgage, the law grants a presumption that a mortgage is being obtained. But it’s much safer to make sure this clause is included, and written clearly.

Zorg ervoor dat de clausule de geldigheidsduur en de belangrijkste details van de hypotheek vermeldt – bedrag, looptijd en maximale rente. Het is niet ongebruikelijk dat de koper 45 dagen de tijd krijgt om een hypotheekofferte te verkrijgen, waarna het contract kan vervallen. Als u in Frankrijk woont en een stabiel inkomen hebt, is dit normaal gesproken ruim voldoende tijd, maar het kan te kort zijn voor een buitenlandse koper die een Franse hypotheek wil. Probeer daarom in dat geval een langere periode in het contract te onderhandelen.

Vice Caché: Een 'vice caché' is een verborgen of latent gebrek aan een onroerend goed. Kopers worden beschermd door artikel 1641 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek. De verkoper is verplicht alle belangrijke informatie over het onroerend goed te openbaren die van invloed kan zijn op de beslissing van de koper, of op de prijs die hij voor het onroerend goed heeft betaald. Als de verkoper dit niet doet, kan een rechter een oplossing bieden, zoals een prijsverlaging of nietigverklaring van de koopovereenkomst (daarom willen notarissen u hier liever niet over informeren, omdat ze hun commissie verliezen als de koopovereenkomst nietig wordt verklaard).

Not surprisingly, notaires sometimes seek to limit your use of the ‘vice caché’ protection by adding an exclusion clause the in the sale contract that limits the buyers rights once they find a serious hidden problem with the villa. Our advice to all buyers is that if your notaire does this, you consider them untrustworthy and switch notaires. If you don’t want to do that, you should 100% insist on the removal of this clause in the sale contract. The seller may well object to you doing so, but if they do, their motives need to be questioned. You should be erg Ik aarzel om iets 'in de staat' te kopen, tenzij ik volledig begrijp wat ik koop.

Removal of Guarantees: Sommige notarissen voegen clausules toe die uw rechten beperken en garanties wegnemen. Dit is in het voordeel van de notaris (omdat ze pas betaald krijgen wanneer de verkoop is afgerond) omdat het uw rechten en de mogelijkheid om de transactie te annuleren beperkt. Nogmaals, ons advies aan alle kopers is: als uw notaris dit doet, beschouwt u hem als onbetrouwbaar, laat u een relevante online beoordeling achter en wisselt u van notaris. Laat het contract altijd door een onafhankelijke derde controleren voordat u tekent.

Clausule inzake verificatie van bewoonbare oppervlakte: Veel makelaars liegen over de grootte van villa's om opgeblazen prijzen te rechtvaardigen. Wij raden u aan deze clausule toe te voegen en vervolgens de woonoppervlakte te laten opmeten.

Partijen komen overeen dat de werkelijke bewoonbare oppervlakte van het onroerend goed – zoals gedefinieerd in artikel R.111-2 van de Franse wet op de bouw en de huisvesting – een materiële voorwaarde is voor de toestemming van de koper. Indien een significant verschil wordt vastgesteld tussen de werkelijke bewoonbare oppervlakte (zoals gemeten door een onafhankelijke deskundige volgens de bovenstaande definitie) en de in dit contract vermelde oppervlakte, wordt de koopprijs automatisch aangepast op basis van de overeengekomen prijs per vierkante meter. Deze clausule is met name van toepassing indien de werkelijke oppervlakte meer dan 5% kleiner is dan de vermelde oppervlakte. De aanpassing kan tot zes maanden na de verkoop worden toegepast.

Verificatie van diagnostiek: Veel eigenaren of makelaars kopen accountants om om te liegen bij de diagnose, energierapporten en taxaties. Deze praktijk is wijdverbreid aan de Franse Rivièra. Om uzelf te beschermen, moet u deze clausule toevoegen en vervolgens een onafhankelijke persoon de diagnose en inspecties laten uitvoeren. Zorg ervoor dat u de eigenaar of makelaar niet vertelt wie dit doet en zeg tegen de inspecteur dat hij de makelaar niet mag vertellen bij welk bedrijf hij zit of zijn contactgegevens mag delen, anders betaalt u hem niet. Dit is de clausule die u aan uw bod kunt toevoegen:

Dit bod wordt gedaan onder voorbehoud van verificatie van de juistheid van de diagnose en het Energieprestatiecertificaat (DPE). Indien uit een onafhankelijk deskundigenrapport, uitgevoerd vóór de ondertekening van de definitieve akte, blijkt dat de werkelijke energieklasse lager is dan aangegeven in het verstrekte DPE, of indien structurele elementen van de woning (isolatie, ramen, dak, ventilatie, enz.) materieel niet overeenkomen met de diagnose of de beschrijving in de aanbieding, behoudt de koper zich het recht voor om zonder boete af te zien van de aankoop of de aankoopprijs te heronderhandelen op basis van de gecorrigeerde energielabel en de kosten van de noodzakelijke werkzaamheden.

The Deposit

De makelaar kan vragen om de aanbetaling van 5-10% (wij raden u aan om akkoord te gaan met slechts 5%) aan hem of haar te betalen, maar u dient de aanbetaling altijd aan de notaris te betalen. Dit is namelijk de normale manier om te handelen en de kans is kleiner dat u uw aanbetaling terugkrijgt als de verkoop niet doorgaat.

Be aware, a deposit is only normally recoverable outside the cooling-off period if the sale fails for reasons related to the contract clauses or the seller. Otherwise, the deposit is forfeited. Your deposit will be held by the notaire in ‘escrow’ as part of the purchase proceeds.

It’s not unusual for there to be conflict over the repayment of a deposit, either because the notaire delays in repayment, or because there is some ambiguity as to whether or not the contract condition has been fulfilled. That’s why, if you do sign a conditional contract, you would be well advised to pay only the minimum deposit possible, and to also ensure precise legal drafting of the conditions.

The Cooling-off Period

After the signing of the initial offer and deposit, you’ll have 10 days (including holidays and weekends) to cancel without penalty, and without explanation. After the 10 days, you will lose your deposit if you back out, so use those 10 days wisely.

Als het contract door een notaris is opgesteld en beide partijen het contract bij de notaris ondertekenen, kan de notaris de koper direct na ondertekening van het contract een kennisgeving van bedenktijd sturen. Veel notarissen sturen de koper echter een kennisgeving van bedenktijd per aangetekende post of per e-mail met ontvangstbevestiging. De koper heeft vanaf de dag na ontvangst van de kennisgeving 10 dagen de tijd om zonder opgaaf van reden te herroepen.

If you want to withdraw, it requires certain formalities. It must be in writing and sent by registered post or by email with a read receipt to either the estate agent or notaire, depending on what is agreed in the contract. If the buyer has paid a deposit, the notaire must refund it, normally within 21 days of receipt of the notice of withdrawal. The 10-day period is strictly enforceable, so if the buyer tried to pull out 12 days after receiving the notice, the withdrawal could be considered ineffective and the buyer required to proceed with the purchase or lose his or her deposit.

Advantages to Getting a Mortgage

You should always apply for a mortgage, because:

• If the villa is worth more than €1.3 million, it’s the only way to avoid the wealth tax.
• The interest rate on mortgages in France is lower than you can make by investing the money. This means that the smart financial move is to take out a mortgage and keep your money invested.
• It comes with an official valuation / appraisal, that you can use for bargaining power.
• If your money is held in a currency other than euros, it may also save you money. If you choose the maximum LTV (loan-to-value), this allows you to better hedge your exposure to any exchange rate fluctuations as French mortgages have no (or very low) early repayment charges. Instead of converting the full purchase price into euros (at a potentially bad exchange rate), you only have to transfer the deposit and notaire’s fees. This means you can wait until the exchange rate is better and pay back your mortgage then, which can knock thousands of the purchase price.

Using a SCI

An SCI is a fiscally-transparent type of French company that is exclusively used for the ownership and management of property. Many notaires will recommend this, often because they get paid to create them, so figure out for yourself if you want to use one. Here’s an explanation. If you decide to use one, you could also create it online for €99. You can also look into the benefits of having a company own the SCI.

Despite these potential advantages, as a result of legislative and fiscal changes in recent years the arguments for owning a family property through an SCI have become weaker, so you need to consider carefully whether it is really necessary for you to use an SCI. There are plenty of professional advisors who will no doubt tell you it would be worthwhile to set up an SCI, but if they are the same advisors who will earn the fees from setting up the company (including notaires), then you need to weigh that advice carefully.

Keep in mind that if you go the SCI route you’ll need to submit yearly tax returns for the SCI, so the costs are ongoing. The non-filing of returns can result in an annual tax of 3% of the value of the property as well as late interest and fines.

We recommend you ensure all discussions with your advisors are recorded, as sloppy advice is easily given if professionals do not feel they can be held accountable for it!

The Final Signing

About three months after signing the ‘compromis de vente’ the notaire organises the ‘acte de vente définitif’ signing, payment of the final settlement and taxes and exchange of keys. It is usual to split the costs of the annual ‘taxe foncière’ pro-rata at the time of sale. Make sure the notaire provides a draft of the deed prior to the final meeting, so it can be shown to a professional adviser for comment.

Make sure to view the villa on the eve of signing the final ‘acte de vente’, so you can see exactly what you are paying for. It could avoid surprises like radiators, shutters, appliances, or door handles being stripped out. Check that there has been no damage and that it is empty of all the seller’s possessions, except any that you wanted. If something’s not right, ask the notaire to hold back part of the price until the property is as it was when the ‘compromis de vente’ was signed.

Note: If you notaire overcharged you, was incompetent, or didn’t act in your best interest (as is common), you can start legal proceedings here.

Villa kopen? Lees dit eerst!

Wanneer u klaar bent om naar een woning te zoeken, lees dan zeker onze complete gids voor het kopen van onroerend goed in FrankrijkDeze gidsen leggen uit hoe u de waarde van een woning kunt schatten echt waarde, hoe u de beste prijs krijgt en voorkomt dat u te veel vraagt, waar u op moet letten, hoe u voorkomt dat u wordt opgelicht, en nog veel meer.

Om de vastgoedmarkt in Frankrijk te begrijpen, moet u allereerst begrijpen hoe m²-prijzen zijn een gigantische oplichterij. Daarna kunt u doorgaan naar de andere gidsen:

Ons gids voor waar de markt naartoe gaat Bevat: voorspellingen over de vastgoedmarkt aan de Franse Rivièra, huidige en historische prijstrends op de markt en de redenen waarom de prijzen zullen blijven dalen. Plus, aanvullende informatie gids voor Russen en hun impact op de vastgoedmarkt van de Franse Rivièra.

Ons gids voor vastgoedaanbiedingen omvat: hoe u villa's te koop kunt vinden, waar u op moet letten, misinformatie en waarschuwingen, veilingen en executieverkopen, rechtstreeks kopen van verkopers, waarom timing alles is en de reden waarom slechts ongeveer de helft van de villaverkopen openbaar wordt vermeld.

Ons gids voor oplichting en geheimen Bevat waarschuwingen over de onethische trucs die makelaars, notarissen, verkopers, projectontwikkelaars en bouwers gebruiken om meer geld van u af te troggelen. Dit is een must-read, en dé klokkenluidersgids die de mensen in de branche u liever niet laten zien.

Ons gids voor makelaars omvat: de oneerlijke dingen die makelaars u zullen vertellen, hoe makelaars in onroerend goed werken, aankoopmakelaars en woningzoekers, waarom u illegale en niet-lokale makelaars moet vermijden en wie u kunt vertrouwen (een belangrijke waarschuwing).

Ons gids voor het bepalen van de marktwaarde van een villa en het bepalen van de prijs ervan bevat: waarom er zoveel extreem overprijzen zijn, hoe u de marktwaarde van een villa kunt schatten (wat het waard is) en een stapsgewijze handleiding om de juiste vraagprijs te vinden.

Ons gids met belangrijke dingen om te ontdekken omvat: diagnostische rapporten en onderzoeken, zon en microklimaten, mogelijke problemen met het uitzicht, onroerendgoedbelasting, de leeftijd, internet- en mobiele toegang, gevarenzones (rood), gezondheidsrisico's, problemen met privacy en ruimte, problemen in de buurt, wat u daadwerkelijk bezit, illegale toevoegingen en structuren, waarom ze worden verkocht, hoe u dit kunt verifiëren en meer.

Ons gids met dingen om te overwegen omvat: uw werkelijk kosten, problemen bij de aankoop van een 'pas gerenoveerde' villa, meer te weten komen over lokale criminaliteit en krakers, en vragen die u uzelf kunt stellen.

Ons gids voor na aankoop omvat: verzekeringsvalkuilen, tips voor tweede huizen, het verhuren van uw villa, renoveren en wat u moet weten over het inhuren van personeel.

Gids voor verkopers: Hoe u de prijs van uw villa bepaalt, zodat deze verkocht wordt.