圣特罗佩历史：海盗与画家

尽管 碧姬·芭杜 (Brigitte Bardot) 将圣特罗佩列入国际喷气机目的地地图 和 随后的名人, it has a long and interesting history that spans far farther than the 1950s. The present incarnation of the town was shaped not just by celebrities, but over centuries, by its seafarers. Thanks to its fishermen, captains, and crews, Saint-Tropez was renowned in all the world’s ports, and, as a result, some of history’s most admired sailors dropped anchor in this charming town.

无头人

68年，圣特罗佩以及格里莫镇和科戈兰镇都因一起涉及无头人、公鸡和狗的疯狂事件而得名。你可以 在这里阅读这个精彩的故事。

废弃的圣特罗佩获得新生

Like many parishes in Provence, Saint-Tropez had been abandoned by its residents after wars, epidemics, and famines-the three scourges of the Middle Ages. In 1470, the nobleman Raphael de Garessio organized the repopulation of Saint-Tropez at the request of Jean Cossa, the feudal overlord for the Gulf of Grimaud.

第一批特罗佩兹人从意大利或附近的村庄抵达，他们在部分拆除的城堡塔楼周围建造了房屋，该塔楼现在是 叙弗朗城堡 在市政广场 。它最初是一个小村庄，只有三条街道：rue du Portalet、rue du Puits 和 rue Saint-Esprit，这些街道至今仍然存在。

港口和海底的毁灭

Little by little, the port in St Tropez developed and surpassed the nearby Port of Cavalaire, which had been active since ancient times. The town experienced remarkable growth throughout the 16th century and attracted both sailors and merchants.

一个世纪过去了，位于大海和城镇之间的土地出现了。 加辛 和 拉马蒂埃勒 began to be cultivated. Vineyards dominated to the extent that the quantity of wine produced quickly grew to be more than what was needed for the local population. The Tropezians, who were already looking out to sea, began to export it to Provence and the ports of Italy. The sailors also exported everything that the Massif des Maures had to offer, such as wood, cork, or chestnuts.

In the 1540s, Tropezian coral harvesters were recruited by boats from Marseille to capture this ‘red gold’ off the coasts of North Africa. While this harvesting was extremely and permanently damaging to sea-life, the coral industry further contributed to the enrichment of the town, which counted nearly 4000 residents by the end of the 16th century.

海盗、恐惧和奴隶制

In the 1510s, pirates called ‘the Barbarossa brothers’ (one of whom became famous as “Red Beard”), were in the service of the Sultan of Constantinople. They initiated decades of Muslim piracy along the Christian coastlines, and Saint-Tropez did not escape these depredations.

这种威胁是“民兵资产阶级”发展的主要原因，“民兵资产阶级”是一种兼职民兵，至今仍以勇敢军团的形式存在。最初，这支国民警卫队由领主指挥，或者在领主不在的情况下由“尊贵的人”指挥。从1510年代起，这位不常居住在圣特罗佩的领主逐渐放弃了他的军事义务。 1558年，市政当局决定弥补这一空白，每年任命一名“镇长”来负责该镇的防御。

尽管存在海盗的危险，16 世纪对于该镇及其居民来说仍然是一个发展的世纪。然而，接下来的世纪将是危机的世纪……

The beautiful period of growth began to slow in the 1600s. Piracy was at its height and a large part of the Tropezian fleet was captured. The archives tell us that from 1607 to 1625, 22 ships, single-mast boats, and barques were seized or burned by the Barbary pirates. The city became impoverished and lost nearly 1500 residents. The poorly dredged port gradually filled with silt.

The situation seemed just as catastrophic in the middle of the century. By the 1660s, the fleet was reduced to a few single-mast vessels and small fishing boats. But, like all crises, this one passed, and a recovery was underway by the end of the century.

新帝国

The 18th century was marked by a new period of development, as many Tropezians turned to the Ottoman Empire. The Turks no longer had control of the seas and had seen their maritime trade decline. For them, the only solution was to charter ships from the King of France, their sole ally in the Mediterranean thanks to the peace treaty signed between Francois I and Sulieman the Magnificent in 1536.

看起来可能很奇怪，自从基督徒和穆斯林之间发生对抗以来，正是普罗旺斯船只，特别是特罗佩斯船只，确保了土耳其帝国货物和人民的海上安全。其中一些水手将成为伟大航海王朝的领袖。

It was an endeavor that required the experience of the sailors from this small Provencal town. Like other boats based along the Provencal coast, the Tropezian sailors served the Sultan’s subjects by transporting goods and people across the Empire. The local sailors primarily conducted this coastal trade in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean and they often spent half their lives in the east.

战争、权力之战……

The 18th century was also marked by the “Systeme des Classes” maritime conscription program. This practice, set up by Jean-Baptiste Colbert during Louis XIV’s reign at the end of the previous century, consisted of the state drafting French sailors according to the needs of the royal navy. As a result, the king’s ships had crews made up of fishermen, shipyard workers, and commercial seamen, all supervised by officers who were mainly from the noble classes.

With approximately two-thirds of its men involved in maritime activities, Saint-Tropez was a fertile ground for conscripting sailors. It isn’t surprising that so many of them were called to Toulon to embark on warships. There were more than 200 Tropezians at the Battle of Velez-Malaga in 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession, when France supported Philip V-the grandson of Louis XIV-against the other European claims to the Spanish throne.

圣特罗佩在法国皇家海军中的作用怎么强调都不为过。有些战斗涉及该镇 10% 的人口和超过 60% 的现役水手。 1778年至1784年期间，有超过500名当地水手参加了美国独立战争，而100多名当地水手则参与了1798年英法舰队之间悲惨的尼罗河海战。现场还有70多名当地男子1854 年克里米亚战争期间，在克里米亚海岸附近。尽管水手数量有所下降，但在两次世界大战期间，许多当地人仍然穿着海军制服。

圣特罗佩的衰落与重生

19 世纪的特点是某种衰落，尤金·苏在他的小说中生动地描述了这一点，并带有一丝讽刺意味。 火蜥蜴: “Quiet and old Saint-Tropez, home of a brave admiral, of the noble Suffren! All that is left of your former splendor are these two towers, reddened by a blazing sun, cracked and ruined, but adorned with green ivy crowns and garlands of blue-flowered bindweeds… And you too, poor port of Saint-Tropez, we can also pity you! For it is no longer those dashing ships with scarlet banners that anchor in your deserted waters; no, it is sometimes a heavy merchant ship or a meager skiff; and if luck has it, a thin schooner, with a narrow bodice tight as a bee, comes to collapse in the shelter of your breakwater, and the entire town is thrown into a state of emotion.”

Eugene Sue sensed that a page of the city’s history was being turned. The glorious voyages in the service of the Turks were definitely a distant memory. Yet even though Eugene Sue was an enlightened connoisseur of maritime history, he seemed to overlook the fact that there were still countless men sailing the world’s seas, from the coasts of Africa to the West Indies.

When his novel appeared in 1832, Saint-Tropez was looking for a future, and it would be the vitality of the Annonciade shipyards that helped restore the city’s glory in the middle of the century. While the shipyards in La Ciotat and La Seyne specialized in the construction of steel-hulled steamers, Saint-Tropez met the demand for wooden sailing boats. The Tropezians would build bigger and bigger boats. Their brigs and three-masted sailing ships would gain renown across the country’s southern ports, and Tropezian builders sold their boats to captains from Agde to Antibes.

尽管19世纪下半叶，许多特罗佩兹人逐渐远离海洋，但仍有相当多的人继续从事他们祖先的贸易。他们乘坐大型三桅船穿过直布罗陀海峡，从印度洋到南中国海，从戈雷到桑给巴尔的非洲海岸，经常出没哈瓦那、纽约、瓦尔帕莱索或旧金山的港口。

Travelers visiting Saint-Tropez mostly noticed the fishermen returning to the quay every day to dry and repair their nets while their wives sold the fish. They were oblivious to the fuller story behind the lives of these seafarers. This is how the myth of the charming little fishing port was born, even though up until the 1920s, captains from Saint-Tropez commanded some of the finest vessels of the French merchant navy.

At the same time, the small town began to attract those seeking peace and quiet. Emile Ollivier, the last prime minister for Napoleon Ill, opened the way, succumbing to the charms of Saint-Tropez as early as 1862. He was followed at the end of the century by Octave Borrelli, the one-time governor of Egypt, who had a large castle built which still bears his name.

时尚艺术人群

众所周知，法国南部与众多才华横溢的画家有着长期的联系，他们纷纷涌入该地区，从普罗旺斯的色彩、光线和景观中寻找灵感。圣特罗佩一直深受马蒂斯、毕加索和西涅克等伟大艺术大师的喜爱，他们都在职业生涯的某个阶段来到了这个沉睡的渔村，并受到启发，创作出了一些最好的作品。

The history of the painters in the town is well known, but there were also the writers, and then the filmmakers arrived after the First World War, settling in Saint-Tropez and around the gulf. This is how Saint-Tropez changed its face once again.

很快，这个小港口就变得非常时尚，1926 年，著名表演家兼巴黎剧院经理莱昂·沃尔泰拉 (Leon Volterra) 搬入并收购了沃尔泰拉城堡 (Chateau Volterra)。莱昂·沃尔泰拉先生是一位来自巴黎的传奇戏剧演员，他在参观当时明星云集的圣特罗佩期间，被当地的海妖西蒙娜迷住了，西蒙娜是一位渔夫。女儿。他们在一年内结婚了。

When elected mayor of Saint-Tropez in 1936, Léon Volterra had little time for his official functions and left matters in Simone’s capable hands. “The Lady Mayoress”, as she became known, was a popular figure in the area, a tireless promoter of its cultural life and, evidently, an indefatigable hostess.

战后不久，沃尔泰拉夫妇的婚姻就破裂了，但沃尔泰拉夫人仍然留在城堡里，卖掉了几块土地来维持生计。她继续欢迎演员、画家和作家来到城堡，每年圣诞节，城堡都会向整个村庄开放。 拉马蒂埃勒。晚年，她成为村里一年一度的露天戏剧节的热心支持者，直到 1989 年去世，她在每场演出中都占据前排座位。

许多电影都会在这个小镇拍摄。有些导演会来讲述一个以普罗旺斯为背景的故事，比如让·乔克斯 (Jean Choux)，他拍摄了 拉仆人 （“仆人”）1929 年。让·戈达尔的电影 倒一杯晚酒……！ （《一夜》）于 1931 年在小镇拍摄，宏伟地描绘了咆哮的二十年代的圣特罗佩，一个只能再持续几年的圣特罗佩。 1935 年至 1941 年间，沃尔泰拉担任圣特罗佩市长，使这座小镇变得更加光鲜亮丽。

第二次世界大战后，圣特罗佩变得比以往任何时候都更加时尚。电影制片人回归并于 1955 年拍摄了这部电影 上帝创造了女人 一经发布就引起了不小的争议（这是完整的故事）。

From then on, the entire world, from all spheres of society, would know of Saint-Tropez, as a glamorous destination where the newest fashions are on display and where masterpieces and lovable B-movies continued to be filmed.

今天

如今，你不可能不注意到停满欧洲豪车的停车场和引人注目的人群。如果幸运的话，您可以轻松发现碧昂丝、安吉丽娜·朱莉、娜奥米·坎贝尔、凯特·莫斯、拉尔夫·劳伦和其他一线明星。

直到今天，该港口仍然是世界上最著名的码头，尽管过度拥挤导致环境恶化，但半岛仍然是法国南部保存最完好、人工最少的角落之一。显然，在这个喜庆的、著名的形象背后，隐藏着一段丰富而私密的历史：一代又一代创造了今天圣特罗佩的特罗佩人的历史。

想要更多？ 阅读我们的 圣特罗佩一线历史指南，关于的疯狂故事 该镇以无头人的名字命名，并了解 让圣特罗佩出名的丑闻。